Chapter Twenty-two
The Marriage of Kardama Muni and Devahuti
TEXT 1
TEXT
maitreya uvaca
evam aviskrtasesa-
guna-karmodayo munim
savrida iva tam samrad
uparatam uvaca ha
SYNONYMS
maitreyah--the great sage Maitreya; uvaca--said; evam--thus; aviskrta--having been described; asesa--all; guna--of the virtues; karma--of the activities; udayah--the greatness; munim--the great sage; sa-vridah--feeling modest; iva--as though; tam--him (Kardama); samrat--Emperor Manu; uparatam--silent; uvaca ha--addressed.
TRANSLATION
Sri Maitreya said: After describing the greatness of the Emperor's manifold qualities and activities, the sage became silent, and the Emperor, feeling modesty, addressed him as follows.
TEXT 2
TEXT
manur uvaca
brahmasrjat sva-mukhato
yusman atma-paripsaya
chandomayas tapo-vidya-
yoga-yuktan alampatan
SYNONYMS
manuh--Manu; uvaca--said; brahma--Lord Brahma; asrjat--created; sva-mukhatah--from his face; yusman--you (brahmanas); atma-paripsaya--to protect himself by expanding; chandah-mayah--the form of the Vedas; tapah-vidya-yoga-yuktan--full of austerity, knowledge and mystic power; alampatan--averse to sense gratification.
TRANSLATION
Manu replied: To expand himself in Vedic knowledge, Lord Brahma, the personified Veda, from his face created you, the brahmanas, who are full of austerity, knowledge and mystic power and are averse to sense gratification.
PURPORT
The purpose of the Vedas is to propagate the transcendental knowledge of the Absolute Truth. The brahmanas were created from the mouth of the Supreme Person, and therefore they are meant to spread the knowledge of the Vedas in order to spread the glories of the Lord. In Bhagavad-gita also Lord Krsna says that all the Vedas are meant for understanding the Supreme Personality of Godhead. It is especially mentioned here (yoga-yuktan alampatan) that brahmanas are full of mystic power and are completely averse to sense gratification. Actually there are two kinds of occupations. One occupation, in the material world, is sense gratification, and the other occupation is spiritual activity--to satisfy the Lord by His glorification. Those who engage in sense gratification are called demons, and those who spread the glorification of the Lord or satisfy the transcendental senses of the Lord are called demigods. It is specifically mentioned here that the brahmanas are created from the face of the cosmic personality, or virat-purusa; similarly the ksatriyas are said to be created from His arms, the vaisyas are created from His waist, and the sudras are created from His legs. Brahmanas are especially meant for austerity, learning and knowledge and are averse to all kinds of sense gratification.
TEXT 3
TEXT
tat-tranayasrjac casman
doh-sahasrat sahasra-pat
hrdayam tasya hi brahma
ksatram angam pracaksate
SYNONYMS
tat-tranaya--for the protection of the brahmanas; asrjat--created; ca--and; asman--us (ksatriyas); doh-sahasrat--from His thousand arms; sahasra-pat--the thousand-legged Supreme Being (the universal form); hrdayam--heart; tasya--His; hi--for; brahma--brahmanas; ksatram--the ksatriyas; angam--arms; pracaksate--are spoken of.
TRANSLATION
For the protection of the brahmanas, the thousand-legged Supreme Being created us, the ksatriyas, from His thousand arms. Hence the brahmanas are said to be His heart and the ksatriyas His arms.
PURPORT
Ksatriyas are specifically meant to maintain the brahmanas because if the brahmanas are protected, then the head of civilization is protected. Brahmanas are supposed to be the head of the social body; if the head is clear and has not gone mad, then everything is in proper position. The Lord is described thus: namo brahmanya-devaya go-brahmana-hitaya ca. The purport of this prayer is that the Lord specifically protects the brahmanas and the cows, and then He protects all other members of society (jagad-dhitaya). It is His will that universal welfare work depends on the protection of cows and brahmanas; thus brahminical culture and cow protection are the basic principles for human civilization. Ksatriyas are especially meant to protect the brahmanas, as is the supreme will of the Lord: go-brahmana-hitaya ca. As, within the body, the heart is a very important part, so the brahmanas are also the important element in human society. The ksatriyas are more like the whole body; even though the whole body is bigger than the heart, the heart is more important.
TEXT 4
TEXT
ato hy anyonyam atmanam
brahma ksatram ca raksatah
raksati smavyayo devah
sa yah sad-asad-atmakah
SYNONYMS
atah--hence; hi--certainly; anyonyam--each other; atmanam--the self; brahma--the brahmanas; ksatram--the ksatriyas; ca--and; raksatah--protect; raksati sma--protects; avyayah--immutable; devah--the Lord; sah--He; yah--who; sat-asat-atmakah--the form of the cause and effect.
TRANSLATION
That is why the brahmanas and ksatriyas protect each other, as well as themselves; and the Lord Himself, who is both the cause and effect and is yet immutable, protects them through each other.
PURPORT
The entire social structure of varna and asrama is a cooperative system meant to uplift all to the highest platform of spiritual realization. The brahmanas are intended to be protected by the ksatriyas, and the ksatriyas also are intended to be enlightened by the brahmanas. When the brahmanas and ksatriyas cooperate nicely, the other subordinate divisions, the vaisyas, or mercantile people, and the sudras, or laborer class, automatically flourish. The entire elaborate system of Vedic society was therefore based on the importance of the brahmanas and ksatriyas. The Lord is the real protector, but He is unattached to the affairs of protection. He creates brahmanas for the protection of the ksatriyas, and ksatriyas for the protection of the brahmanas. He remains aloof from all activities; therefore, He is called nirvikara, "without activity." He has nothing to do. He is so great that He does not perform action personally, but His energies act. The brahmanas and ksatriyas, and anything that we see, are different energies acting upon one another.
Although individual souls are all different, the Superself, or Supersoul, is the Supreme Personality of Godhead. Individually one's self may differ from others in certain qualities and may engage in different activities, such as those of a brahmana, ksatriya or vaisya, but when there is complete cooperation among different individual souls, the Supreme Personality of Godhead as Supersoul, Paramatma, being one in every individual soul, is pleased and gives them all protection. As stated before, the brahmanas are produced from the mouth of the Lord, and the ksatriyas are produced from the chest or arms of the Lord. If the different castes or social sections, although apparently differently occupied in different activities, nevertheless act in full cooperation, then the Lord is pleased. This is the idea of the institution of four varnas and four asramas. If the members of different asramas and varnas cooperate fully in Krsna consciousness, then society is well protected by the Lord, without doubt.
In Bhagavad-gita it is stated that the Lord is the proprietor of all different bodies. The individual soul is the proprietor of his individual body, but the Lord clearly states, "My dear Bharata, you must know that I am also ksetra jna. " Ksetra jna means "the knower or proprietor of the body." The individual soul is the proprietor of the individual body, but the Supersoul, the Personality of Godhead, Krsna, is the proprietor of all bodies everywhere. He is the proprietor not only of human bodies but of birds, beasts and all other entities, not only on this planet but on other planets also. He is the supreme proprietor; therefore He does not become divided by protecting the different individual souls. He remains one and the same. That the sun appears on top of everyone's head when at the meridian does not imply that the sun becomes divided. One man thinks that the sun is on his head only, whereas five thousand miles away another man is thinking that the sun is only on his head. Similarly, the Supersoul, the Supreme Personality of Godhead, is one, but He appears to individually oversee each individual soul. This does not mean that the individual soul and the Supersoul are one. They are one in quality, as spirit soul, but the individual soul and Supersoul are different.
TEXT 5
TEXT
tava sandarsanad eva
cchinna me sarva-samsayah
yat svayam bhagavan pritya
dharmam aha riraksisoh
SYNONYMS
tava--your; sandarsanat--by sight; eva--only; chinnah--resolved; me--my; sarva-samsayah--all doubts; yat--inasmuch as; svayam--personally; bhagavan--Your Lordship; pritya--lovingly; dharmam--duty; aha--explained; riraksisoh--of a king anxious to protect his subjects.
TRANSLATION
Now I have resolved all my doubts simply by meeting you, for Your Lordship has very kindly and clearly explained the duty of a king who desires to protect his subjects.
PURPORT
Manu described herewith the result of seeing a great saintly person. Lord Caitanya says that one should always try to associate with saintly persons because if one establishes a proper association with a saintly person, even for a moment, one attains all perfection. Somehow or other, if one meets a saintly person and achieves his favor, then the entire mission of one's human life is fulfilled. In our personal experience we have actual proof of this statement of Manu. Once we had the opportunity to meet Visnupada Sri Srimad Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati Gosvami Maharaja, and on first sight he requested this humble self to preach his message in the Western countries. There was no preparation for this, but somehow or other he desired it, and by his grace we are now engaged in executing his order, which has given us a transcendental occupation and has saved and liberated us from the occupation of material activities. Thus it is actually a fact that if one meets a saintly person completely engaged in transcendental duties and achieves his favor, then one's life mission becomes complete. What is not possible to achieve in thousands of lives can be achieved in one moment if there is an opportunity to meet a saintly person. It is therefore enjoined in Vedic literature that one should always try to associate with saintly persons and try to disassociate oneself from the common man, because by one word of a saintly person one can be liberated from material entanglement. A saintly person has the power, because of his spiritual advancement, to give immediate liberation to the conditioned soul. Here Manu admits that all his doubts are now over because Kardama has very kindly described the different duties of individual souls.
TEXT 6
TEXT
distya me bhagavan drsto
durdarso yo 'krtatmanam
distya pada-rajah sprstam
sirsna me bhavatah sivam
SYNONYMS
distya--by good fortune; me--my; bhagavan--all-powerful; drstah--is seen; durdarsah--not easily seen; yah--who; akrta-atmanam--of those who have not controlled the mind and senses; distya--by my good fortune; pada-rajah--the dust of the feet; sprstam--is touched; sirsna--by the head; me--my; bhavatah--your; sivam--causing all auspiciousness.
TRANSLATION
It is my good fortune that I have been able to see you, for you cannot easily be seen by persons who have not subdued the mind or controlled the senses. I am all the more fortunate to have touched with my head the blessed dust of your feet.
PURPORT
The perfection of transcendental life can be achieved simply by touching the holy dust of the lotus feet of a holy man. In the Bhagavatam it is said, mahat-pada-rajo-'bhisekam, which means to be blessed by the holy dust of the lotus feet of a mahat, a great devotee. As stated in Bhagavad-gita, mahatmanas tu: those who are great souls are under the spell of spiritual energy, and their symptom is that they fully engage in Krsna consciousness for the service of the Lord. Therefore they are called mahat. Unless one is fortunate enough to have the dust of the lotus feet of a mahatma on one's head, there is no possibility of perfection in spiritual life.
The parampara system of disciplic succession is very important as a means of spiritual success. One becomes a mahat by the grace of his mahat spiritual master. If one takes shelter of the lotus feet of a great soul, there is every possibility of one's also becoming a great soul. When Maharaja Rahugana asked Jada Bharata about his wonderful achievement of spiritual success, he replied to the King that spiritual success is not possible simply by following the rituals of religion or simply by converting oneself into a sannyasi or offering sacrifices as recommended in the scriptures. These methods are undoubtedly helpful for spiritual realization, but the real effect is brought about by the grace of a mahatma. In Visvanatha Cakravarti Thakura's eight stanzas of prayer to the spiritual master, it is clearly stated that simply by satisfying the spiritual master one can achieve the supreme success in life, and in spite of executing all ritualistic performances, if one cannot satisfy the spiritual master, one has no access to spiritual perfection. Here the word akrtatmanam is very significant. Atma means "body," "soul," or "mind," and akrtatma means the common man, who cannot control the senses or the mind. Because the common man is unable to control the senses and the mind, it is his duty to seek the shelter of a great soul or a great devotee of the Lord and just try to please him. That will make his life perfect. A common man cannot rise to the topmost stage of spiritual perfection simply by following the rituals and religious principles. He has to take shelter of a bona fide spiritual master and work under his direction faithfully and sincerely; then he becomes perfect, without a doubt.
TEXT 7
TEXT
distya tvayanusisto 'ham
krtas canugraho mahan
apavrtaih karna-randhrair
justa distyosatir girah
SYNONYMS
distya--luckily; tvaya--by you; anusistah--instructed; aham--I; krtah--bestowed; ca--and; anugrahah--favor; mahan--great; apavrtaih--open; karna-randhraih--with the holes of the ears; justah--received; distya--by good fortune; usatih--pure; girah--words.
TRANSLATION
I have fortunately been instructed by you, and thus great favor has been bestowed upon me. I thank God that I have listened with open ears to your pure words.
PURPORT
Srila Rupa Gosvami has given directions, in his Bhakti-rasamrta-sindhu, on how to accept a bona fide spiritual master and how to deal with him. First, the desiring candidate must find a bona fide spiritual master, and then he must very eagerly receive instructions from him and execute them. This is reciprocal service. A bona fide spiritual master or saintly person always desires to elevate a common man who comes to him. Because everyone is under the delusion of maya and is forgetful of his prime duty, Krsna consciousness, a saintly person always desires that everyone become a saintly person. It is the function of a saintly person to invoke Krsna consciousness in every forgetful common man.
Manu said that since he was advised and instructed by Kardama Muni, he was very much favored. He considered himself lucky to receive the message by aural reception. It is especially mentioned here that one should be very inquisitive to hear with open ears from the authorized source of the bona fide spiritual master. How is one to receive? One should receive the transcendental message by aural reception. The word karna-randhraih means "through the holes of the ears." The favor of the spiritual master is not received through any other part of the body but the ears. This does not mean, however, that the spiritual master gives a particular type of mantra through the ears in exchange for some dollars and if the man meditates on that he achieves perfection and becomes God within six months. Such reception through the ears is bogus. The real fact is that a bona fide spiritual master knows the nature of a particular man and what sort of duties he can perform in Krsna consciousness, and he instructs him in that way. He instructs him through the ear, not privately, but publicly. "You are fit for such and such work in Krsna consciousness. You can act in this way." One person is advised to act in Krsna consciousness by working in the Deities' room, another is advised to act in Krsna consciousness by performing editorial work, another is advised to do preaching work, and another is advised to carry out Krsna consciousness in the cooking department. There are different departments of activity in Krsna consciousness, and a spiritual master, knowing the particular ability of a particular man, trains him in such a way that by his tendency to act he becomes perfect. Bhagavad-gita makes it clear that one can attain the highest perfection of spiritual life simply by offering service according to his ability, just as Arjuna served Krsna by his ability in the military art. Arjuna offered his service fully as a military man, and he became perfect. Similarly, an artist can attain perfection simply by performing artistic work under the direction of the spiritual master. If one is a literary man, he can write articles and poetry for the service of the Lord under the direction of the spiritual master. One has to receive the message of the spiritual master regarding how to act in one's capacity, for the spiritual master is expert in giving such instructions.
This combination, the instruction of the spiritual master and the faithful execution of the instruction by the disciple, makes the entire process perfect. Srila Visvanatha Cakravarti Thakura describes in his explanation of the verse in Bhagavad-gita, vyavasayatmika buddhih, that one who wants to be certain to achieve spiritual success must take the instruction from the spiritual master as to what his particular function is. He should faithfully try to execute that particular instruction and should consider that his life and soul. The faithful execution of the instruction which he receives from the spiritual master is the only duty of a disciple, and that will bring him perfection. One should be very careful to receive the message from the spiritual master through the ears and execute it faithfully. That will make one's life successful.
TEXT 8
TEXT
sa bhavan duhitr-sneha-
pariklistatmano mama
srotum arhasi dinasya
sravitam krpaya mune
SYNONYMS
sah--yourself; bhavan--Your Honor; duhitr-sneha--by affection for my daughter; pariklista-atmanah--whose mind is agitated; mama--my; srotum--to listen; arhasi--be pleased; dinasya--of my humble self; sravitam--to the prayer; krpaya--graciously; mune--O sage.
TRANSLATION
O great sage, graciously be pleased to listen to the prayer of my humble self, for my mind is troubled by affection for my daughter.
PURPORT
When a disciple is perfectly in consonance with the spiritual master, having received his message and executed it perfectly and sincerely, he has a right to ask a particular favor from the spiritual master. Generally a pure devotee of the Lord or a pure disciple of a bona fide spiritual master does not ask any favor either from the Lord or the spiritual master, but even if there is a need to ask a favor from the spiritual master, one cannot ask that favor without satisfying him fully. Svayambhuva Manu wanted to disclose his mind regarding the function he wanted to execute due to affection for his daughter.
TEXT 9
TEXT
priyavratottanapadoh
svaseyam duhita mama
anvicchati patim yuktam
vayah-sila-gunadibhih
SYNONYMS
priyavrata-uttanapadoh--of Priyavrata and Uttanapada; svasa--sister; iyam--this; duhita--daughter; mama--my; anvicchati--is seeking; patim--husband; yuktam--suited; vayah-sila-guna-adibhih--by age, character, good qualities, etc.
TRANSLATION
My daughter is the sister of Priyavrata and Uttanapada. She is seeking a suitable husband in terms of age, character and good qualities.
PURPORT
The grown-up daughter of Svayambhuva Manu, Devahuti, had good character and was well qualified; therefore she was searching for a suitable husband just befitting her age, qualities and character. The purpose of Manu's introducing his daughter as the sister of Priyavrata and Uttanapada, two great kings, was to convince the sage that the girl came from a great family. She was his daughter and at the same time the sister of ksatriyas; she did not come from a lower-class family. Manu therefore offered her to Kardama as just suitable for his purpose. It is clear that although the daughter was mature in age and qualities, she did not go out and find her husband independently. She expressed her desire for a suitable husband corresponding to her character, age and quality, and the father himself, out of affection for his daughter, took charge of finding such a husband.
TEXT 10
TEXT
yada tu bhavatah sila-
sruta-rupa-vayo-gunan
asrnon naradad esa
tvayy asit krta-niscaya
SYNONYMS
yada--when; tu--but; bhavatah--your; sila--noble character; sruta--learning; rupa--beautiful appearance; vayah--youth; gunan--virtues; asrnot--heard; naradat--from Narada Muni; esa--Devahuti; tvayi--in you; asit--became; krta-niscaya--fixed in determination.
TRANSLATION
The moment she heard from the sage Narada of your noble character, learning, beautiful appearance, youth and other virtues, she fixed her mind upon you.
PURPORT
The girl Devahuti did not personally see Kardama Muni, nor did she personally experience his character or qualities, since there was no social intercourse by which she could gain such understanding. But she heard about Kardama Muni from the authority of Narada Muni. Hearing from an authority is a better experience than gaining personal understanding. She heard from Narada Muni that Kardama Muni was just fit to be her husband; therefore she became fixed in her heart that she would marry him, and she expressed her desire to her father, who therefore brought her before him.
TEXT 11
TEXT
tat praticcha dvijagryemam
sraddhayopahrtam maya
sarvatmananurupam te
grhamedhisu karmasu
SYNONYMS
tat--therefore; praticcha--please accept; dvija-agrya--O best of the brahmanas; imam--her; sraddhaya--with faith; upahrtam--offered as a presentation; maya--by me; sarva-atmana--in every way; anurupam--suitable; te--for you; grha-medhisu--in the household; karmasu--duties.
TRANSLATION
Therefore please accept her, O chief of the brahmanas, for I offer her with faith and she is in every respect fit to be your wife and take charge of your household duties.
PURPORT
The words grhamedhisu karmasu mean "in household duties." Another word is also used here: sarvatmananurupam. The purport is that a wife should not only be equal to her husband in age, character and qualities, but must be helpful to him in his household duties. The household duty of a man is not to satisfy his sense gratification, but to remain with a wife and children and at the same time attain advancement in spiritual life. One who does not do so is not a householder but a grhamedhi. Two words are used in Sanskrit literature; one is grhastha, and the other is grhamedhi. The difference between grhamedhi and grhastha is that grhastha is also an asrama, or spiritual order, but if one simply satisfies his senses as a householder, then he is a grhamedhi. For a grhamedhi, to accept a wife means to satisfy the senses, but for a grhastha a qualified wife is an assistant in every respect for advancement in spiritual activities. It is the duty of the wife to take charge of household affairs and not to compete with the husband. A wife is meant to help, but she cannot help her husband unless he is completely equal to her in age, character and quality.
TEXT 12
TEXT
udyatasya hi kamasya
prativado na sasyate
api nirmukta-sangasya
kama-raktasya kim punah
SYNONYMS
udyatasya--which has come of itself; hi--in fact; kamasya--of material desire; prativadah--the denial; na--not; sasyate--to be praised; api--even; nirmukta--of one who is free; sangasya--from attachment; kama--to sensual pleasures; raktasya--of one addicted; kim punah--how much less.
TRANSLATION
To deny an offering that has come of itself is not commendable even for one absolutely free from all attachment, much less one addicted to sensual pleasure.
PURPORT
In material life everyone is desirous of sense gratification; therefore, a person who gets an object of sense gratification without endeavor should not refuse to accept it. Kardama Muni was not meant for sense gratification, yet he aspired to marry and prayed to the Lord for a suitable wife. This was known to Svayambhuva Manu. He indirectly convinced Kardama Muni: "You desire a suitable wife like my daughter, and she is now present before you. You should not reject the fulfillment of your prayer; you should accept my daughter."
TEXT 13
TEXT
ya udyatam anadrtya
kinasam abhiyacate
ksiyate tad-yasah sphitam
manas cavajnaya hatah
SYNONYMS
yah--who; udyatam--an offering; anadrtya--rejecting; kinasam--from a miser; abhiyacate--begs; ksiyate--is lost; tat--his; yasah--reputation; sphitam--widespread; manah--honor; ca--and; avajnaya--by neglectful behavior; hatah--destroyed.
TRANSLATION
One who rejects an offering that comes of its own accord but later begs a boon from a miser thus loses his widespread reputation, and his pride is humbled by the neglectful behavior of others.
PURPORT
The general procedure of Vedic marriage is that a father offers his daughter to a suitable boy. That is a very respectable marriage. A boy should not go to the girl's father and ask for the hand of his daughter in marriage. That is considered to be humbling one's respectable position. Svayambhuva Manu wanted to convince Kardama Muni, since he knew that the sage wanted to marry a suitable girl: "I am offering just such a suitable wife. Do not reject the offer, or else, because you are in need of a wife, you will have to ask for such a wife from someone else, who may not behave with you so well. In that case your position will be humbled."
Another feature of this incident is that Svayambhuva Manu was the emperor, but he went to offer his qualified daughter to a poor brahmana. Kardama Muni had no worldly possessions--he was a hermit living in the forest--but he was advanced in culture. Therefore, in offering one's daughter to a person, the culture and quality are counted as prominent, not wealth or any other material consideration.
TEXT 14
TEXT
aham tvasrnavam vidvan
vivahartham samudyatam
atas tvam upakurvanah
prattam pratigrhana me
SYNONYMS
aham--I; tva--you; asrnavam--heard; vidvan--O wise man; vivaha-artham--for the sake of marriage; samudyatam--prepared; atah--hence; tvam--you; upakurvanah--not taken a vow of perpetual celibacy; prattam--offered; pratigrhana--please accept; me--of me.
TRANSLATION
Svayambhuva Manu continued: O wise man, I heard that you were prepared to marry. Please accept her hand, which is being offered to you by me, since you have not taken a vow of perpetual celibacy.
PURPORT
The principle of brahmacarya is celibacy. There are two kinds of brahmacaris. One is called naisthika-brahmacari, which means one who takes a vow of celibacy for his whole life, whereas the other, the upakurvana-brahmacari, is a brahmacari who takes the vow of celibacy up to a certain age. For example, he may take the vow to remain celibate up to twenty-five years of age; then, with the permission of his spiritual master, he enters married life. Brahmacarya is student life, the beginning of life in the spiritual orders, and the principle of brahmacarya is celibacy. Only a householder can indulge in sense gratification or sex life, not a brahmacari. Svayambhuva Manu requested Kardama Muni to accept his daughter, since Kardama had not taken the vow of naisthika-brahmacarya. He was willing to marry, and the suitable daughter of a high royal family was presented.
TEXT 15
TEXT
rsir uvaca
badham udvodhu-kamo 'ham
apratta ca tavatmaja
avayor anurupo 'sav
adyo vaivahiko vidhih
SYNONYMS
rsih--the great sage Kardama; uvaca--said; badham--very well; udvodhu-kamah--desirous to marry; aham--I; apratta--not promised to anyone else; ca--and; tava--your; atma-ja--daughter; avayoh--of us two; anurupah--proper; asau--this; adyah--first; vaivahikah--of marriage; vidhih--ritualistic ceremony.
TRANSLATION
The great sage replied: Certainly I have a desire to marry, and your daughter has not yet married or given her word to anyone. Therefore our marriage according to the Vedic system can take place.
PURPORT
There were many considerations by Kardama Muni before accepting the daughter of Svayambhuva Manu. Most important is that Devahuti had first of all fixed her mind on marrying him. She did not choose to have any other man as her husband. That is a great consideration because female psychology dictates that when a woman offers her heart to a man for the first time, it is very difficult for her to take it back. Also, she had not married before; she was a virgin girl. All these considerations convinced Kardama Muni to accept her. Therefore he said, "Yes, I shall accept your daughter under religious regulations of marriage." There are different kinds of marriages, of which the first-class marriage is held by inviting a suitable bridegroom for the daughter and giving her in charity, well dressed and well decorated with ornaments, along with a dowry according to the means of the father. There are other kinds of marriage, such as gandharva marriage and marriage by love, which are also accepted as marriage. Even if one is forcibly kidnapped and later on accepted as a wife, that is also accepted. But Kardama Muni accepted the first-class way of marriage because the father was willing and the daughter was qualified. She had never offered her heart to anyone else. All these considerations made Kardama Muni agree to accept the daughter of Svayambhuva Manu.
TEXT 16
TEXT
kamah sa bhuyan naradeva te 'syah
putryah samamnaya-vidhau pratitah
ka eva te tanayam nadriyeta
svayaiva kantya ksipatim iva sriyam
SYNONYMS
kamah--desire; sah--that; bhuyat--let it be fulfilled; nara-deva--O King; te--your; asyah--this; putryah--of the daughter; samamnaya-vidhau--in the process of the Vedic scriptures; pratitah--recognized; kah--who; eva--in fact; te--your; tanayam--daughter; na adriyeta--would not adore; svaya--by her own; eva--alone; kantya--bodily luster; ksipatim--excelling; iva--as if; sriyam--ornaments.
TRANSLATION
Let your daughter's desire for marriage, which is recognized in the Vedic scriptures, be fulfilled. Who would not accept her hand? She is so beautiful that by her bodily luster alone she excels the beauty of her ornaments.
PURPORT
Kardama Muni wanted to marry Devahuti in the recognized manner of marriage prescribed in the scriptures. As stated in the Vedic scriptures, the first-class process is to call the bridegroom to the home of the bride and hand her to him in charity with a dowry of necessary ornaments, gold, furniture and other household paraphernalia. This form of marriage is prevalent among higher-class Hindus even today and is declared in the sastras to confer great religious merit on the bride's father. To give a daughter in charity to a suitable son-in-law is considered to be one of the pious activities of a householder. There are eight forms of marriage mentioned in the scripture Manu-smrti, but only one process of marriage, brahma or rajasika marriage, is now current. Other kinds of marriage--by love, by exchange of garlands or by kidnapping the bride--are now forbidden in this Kali age. Formerly, ksatriyas would, at their pleasure, kidnap a princess from another royal house, and there would he a fight between the ksatriya and the girl's family; then, if the kidnapper was the winner, the girl would be offered to him for marriage. Even Krsna married Rukmini by that process, and some of His sons and grandsons also married by kidnapping. Krsna's grandsons kidnapped Duryodhana's daughter, which caused a fight between the Kuru and Yadu families. Afterward, an adjustment was made by the elderly members of the Kuru family. Such marriages were current in bygone ages, but at the present moment they are impossible because the strict principles of ksatriya life have practically been abolished. Since India has become dependent on foreign countries, the particular influences of her social orders have been lost; now, according to the scriptures, everyone is a sudra. The so-called brahmanas, ksatriyas and vaisyas have forgotten their traditional activities, and in the absence of these activities they are called sudras. It is said in the scriptures, kalau sudra-sambhavah. In the age of Kali everyone will be like sudras. The traditional social customs are not followed in this age, although formerly they were followed strictly.
TEXT 17
TEXT
yam harmya-prsthe kvanad-anghri-sobham
vikridatim kanduka-vihvalaksim
visvavasur nyapatat svad vimanad
vilokya sammoha-vimudha-cetah
SYNONYMS
yam--whom; harmya-prsthe--on the roof of the palace; kvanat-anghri-sobham--whose beauty was heightened by the tinkling ornaments on her feet; vikridatim--playing; kanduka-vihvala-aksim--with eyes bewildered, following her ball; visvavasuh--Visvavasu; nyapatat--fell down; svat--from his own; vimanat--from the airplane; vilokya--seeing; sammoha-vimudha-cetah--whose mind was stupefied.
TRANSLATION
I have heard that Visvavasu, the great Gandharva, his mind stupefied with infatuation, fell from his airplane after seeing your daughter playing with a ball on the roof of the palace, for she was indeed beautiful with her tinkling ankle bells and her eyes moving to and fro.
PURPORT
It is understood that not only at the present moment but in those days also there were skyscrapers. Herein we find the word harmya-prsthe. Harmya means "a very big palatial building." Svad vimanat means "from his own airplane." It is suggested that private airplanes or helicopters were also current in those days. The Gandharva Visvavasu, while flying in the sky, could see Devahuti playing ball on the roof of the palace. Ball playing was also current, but aristocratic girls would not play in a public place. Ball playing and other such pleasures were not meant for ordinary women and girls; only princesses like Devahuti could indulge in such sports. It is described here that she was seen from the flying airplane. This indicates that the palace was very high, otherwise how could one see her from an airplane? The vision was so distinct that the Gandharva Visvavasu was bewildered by her beauty and by hearing the sound of her ankle bangles, and being captivated by the sound and beauty, he fell down. Kardama Muni mentioned the incident as he had heard it.
TEXT 18
TEXT
tam prarthayantim lalana-lalamam
asevita-sri-caranair adrstam
vatsam manor uccapadah svasaram
ko nanumanyeta budho 'bhiyatam
SYNONYMS
tam--her; prarthayantim--seeking; lalana-lalamam--the ornament of women; asevita-sri-caranaih--by those who have not worshiped the feet of Laksmi; adrstam--not seen; vatsam--beloved daughter; manoh--of Svayambhuva Manu; uccapadah--of Uttanapada; svasaram--sister; kah--what; na anumanyeta--would not welcome; budhah--wise man; abhiyatam--who has come of her own accord.
TRANSLATION
What wise man would not welcome her, the very ornament of womanhood, the beloved daughter of Svayambhuva Manu and sister of Uttanapada? Those who have not worshiped the gracious feet of the goddess of fortune cannot even perceive her, yet she has come of her own accord to seek my hand.
PURPORT
Kardama Muni praised the beauty and qualification of Devahuti in different ways. Devahuti was actually the ornament of all ornamented beautiful girls. A girl becomes beautiful by putting ornaments on her body, but Devahuti was more beautiful than the ornaments; she was considered the ornament of the ornamented beautiful girls. Demigods and Gandharvas were attracted by her beauty. Kardama Muni, although a great sage, was not a denizen of the heavenly planets, but it is mentioned in the previous verse that Visvavasu, who came from heaven, was also attracted by the beauty of Devahuti. Besides her personal beauty, she was the daughter of Emperor Svayambhuva and sister of King Uttanapada. Who could refuse the hand of such a girl?
TEXT 19
TEXT
ato bhajisye samayena sadhvim
yavat tejo bibhryad atmano me
ato dharman paramahamsya-mukhyan
sukla-proktan bahu manye 'vihimsran
SYNONYMS
atah--therefore; bhajisye--I shall accept; samayena--on the conditions; sadhvim--the chaste girl; yavat--until; tejah--semen; bibhryat--may bear; atmanah--from my body; me--my; atah--thereafter; dharman--the duties; paramahamsya-mukhyan--of the best of the paramahamsas; sukla-proktan--spoken by Lord Visnu; bahu--much; manye--I shall consider; avihimsran--free from envy.
TRANSLATION
Therefore I shall accept this chaste girl as my wife, on the condition that after she bears semen from my body, I shall accept the life of devotional service accepted by the most perfect human beings. That process was described by Lord Visnu. It is free from envy.
PURPORT
Kardama Muni expressed his desire for a very beautiful wife to Emperor Svayambhuva and accepted the Emperor's daughter for marriage. Kardama Muni was in the hermitage practicing complete celibacy as a brahmacari, and although he had the desire to marry, he did not want to be a householder for the whole span of his life because he was conversant with the Vedic principles of human life. According to Vedic principles, the first part of life should be utilized in brahmacarya for the development of character and spiritual qualities. In the next part of life, one may accept a wife and beget children, but one should not beget children like cats and dogs.
Kardama Muni desired to beget a child who would be a ray of the Supreme Personality of Godhead. One should beget a child who can perform the duties of Visnu, otherwise there is no need to produce children. There are two kinds of children born of good fathers: one is educated in Krsna consciousness so that he can be delivered from the clutches of maya in that very life, and the other is a ray of the Supreme Personality of Godhead and teaches the world the ultimate goal of life. As will be described in later chapters, Kardama Muni begot such a child--Kapila, the incarnation of the Personality of Godhead who enunciated the philosophy of Sankhya. Great householders pray to God to send His representative so that there may be an auspicious movement in human society. This is one reason to beget a child. Another reason is that a highly enlightened parent can train a child in Krsna consciousness so that the child will not have to come back again to this miserable world. Parents should see to it that the child born of them does not enter the womb of a mother again. Unless one can train a child for liberation in that life, there is no need to marry or produce children. If human society produces children like cats and dogs for the disturbance of social order, then the world becomes hellish, as it has in this age of Kali. In this age, neither parents nor their children are trained; both are animalistic and simply eat, sleep, mate, defend, and gratify their senses. This disorder in social life cannot bring peace to human society. Kardama Muni explains beforehand that he would not associate with the girl Devahuti for the whole duration of his life. He would simply associate with her until she had a child. In other words, sex life should be utilized only to produce a nice child, not for any other purpose. Human life is especially meant for complete devotion to the service of the Lord. That is the philosophy of Lord Caitanya.
After fulfilling his responsibility to produce a nice child, one should take sannyasa and engage in the perfectional paramahamsa stage. paramahamsa refers to the most highly elevated perfectional stage of life. There are four stages within sannyasa life, and paramahamsa is the highest order. The Srimad-Bhagavatam is called the paramahamsa-samhita, the treatise for the highest class of human beings. The paramahamsa is free from envy. In other stages, even in the householder stage of life, there is competition and envy, but since the activities of the human being in the paramahamsa stage are completely engaged in Krsna consciousness, or devotional service, there is no scope for envy. In the same order as Kardama Muni, about one hundred years ago, Thakura Bhaktivinoda also wanted to beget a child who could preach the philosophy and teachings of Lord Caitanya to the fullest extent. By his prayers to the Lord he had as his child Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati Gosvami Maharaja, who at the present moment is preaching the philosophy of Lord Caitanya throughout the entire world through his bona fide disciples.
TEXT 20
TEXT
yato 'bhavad visvam idam vicitram
samsthasyate yatra ca vavatisthate
prajapatinam patir esa mahyam
param pramanam bhagavan anantah
SYNONYMS
yatah--from whom; abhavat--emanated; visvam--creation; idam--this; vicitram--wonderful; samsthasyate--will dissolve; yatra--in whom; ca--and; va--or; avatisthate--presently exists; praja-patinam--of the Prajapatis; patih--the Lord; esah--this; mahyam--to me; param--highest; pramanam--authority; bhagavan--Supreme Lord; anantah--unlimited.
TRANSLATION
The highest authority for me is the unlimited Supreme Personality of Godhead, from whom this wonderful creation emanates and in whom its sustenance and dissolution rest. He is the origin of all Prajapatis, the personalities meant to produce living entities in this world.
PURPORT
Kardama Muni was ordered by his father, Prajapati, to produce children. In the beginning of creation the Prajapatis were meant to produce the large population which was to reside in the planets of the gigantic universe. But Kardama Muni said that although his father was Prajapati, who desired him to produce children, actually his origin was the Supreme Personality of Godhead, Visnu, because Visnu is the origin of everything; He is the actual creator of this universe, He is the actual maintainer, and when everything is annihilated, it rests in Him only. That is the conclusion of Srimad-Bhagavatam. For creation, maintenance and annihilation there are the three deities Brahma, Visnu and Mahesvara (Siva), but Brahma and Mahesvara are qualitative expansions of Visnu. Visnu is the central figure. Visnu, therefore, takes charge of maintenance. No one can maintain the whole creation but He. There are innumerable entities, and they have innumerable demands; no one but Visnu can fulfill the innumerable demands of all the innumerable living entities. Brahma is ordered to create, and Siva is ordered to annihilate. The middle function, maintenance, is taken charge of by Visnu. Kardama Muni knew very well, by his power in progressive spiritual life, that Visnu, the Personality of Godhead, was his worshipable Deity. Whatever Visnu desired was his duty, and nothing else. He was not prepared to beget a number of children. He would beget only one child, who would help the mission of Visnu. As stated in Bhagavad-gita, whenever there is a discrepancy in the discharge of religious principles, the Lord descends on the surface of the earth to protect religious principles and to annihilate the miscreants.
Marrying and begetting a child is considered to liquidate one's debts to the family in which one is born. There are many debts which are imposed upon a child just after his birth. There are debts to the family in which one is born, debts to the demigods, debts to the Pitas, debts to the rsis, etc. But if someone engages only in the service of the Supreme Lord, the Personality of Godhead, who is actually worshipable, then even without trying to liquidate other debts, one becomes free from all obligations. Kardama Muni preferred to devote his life as a servant of the Lord in paramahamsa knowledge and to beget a child only for that purpose, not to beget numberless children to fill up the vacancies in the universe.
TEXT 21
TEXT
maitreya uvaca
sa ugra-dhanvann iyad evababhase
asic ca tusnim aravinda-nabham
dhiyopagrhnan smita-sobhitena
mukhena ceto lulubhe devahutyah
SYNONYMS
maitreyah--the great sage Maitreya; uvaca--said; sah--he (Kardama); ugra-dhanvan--O great warrior Vidura; iyat--this much; eva--only; ababhase--spoke; asit--became; ca--and; tusnim--silent; aravinda-nabham--Lord Visnu (whose navel is adorned by a lotus); dhiya--by thought; upagrhnan--seizing; smita-sobhitena--beautified by his smile; mukhena--by his face; cetah--the mind; lulubhe--was captivated; devahutyah--of Devahuti.
TRANSLATION
Sri Maitreya said: O great warrior Vidura, the sage Kardama said this much only and then became silent, thinking of his worshipable Lord Visnu, who has a lotus on His navel. As he silently smiled, his face captured the mind of Devahuti, who began to meditate upon the great sage.
PURPORT
It appears that Kardama Muni was fully absorbed in Krsna consciousness because as soon as he became silent, he at once began to think of Lord Visnu. That is the way of Krsna consciousness. Pure devotees are so absorbed in thought of Krsna that they have no other engagement; although they may seem to think or act otherwise, they are always thinking of Krsna. The smile of such a Krsna conscious person is so attractive that simply by smiling he wins so many admirers, disciples and followers.
TEXT 22
TEXT
so 'nu jnatva vyavasitam
mahisya duhituh sphutam
tasmai guna-ganadhyaya
dadau tulyam praharsitah
SYNONYMS
sah--he (Emperor Manu); anu--afterward; jnatva--having known; vyavasitam--the fixed decision; mahisyah--of the Queen; duhituh--of his daughter; sphutam--clearly; tasmai--to him; guna-gana-adhyaya--who was endowed with a host of virtues; dadau--gave away; tulyam--who was equal (in good qualities); praharsitah--extremely pleased.
TRANSLATION
After having unmistakably known the decision of the Queen, as well as that of Devahuti, the Emperor most gladly gave his daughter to the sage, whose host of virtues was equaled by hers.
TEXT 23
TEXT
satarupa maha-rajni
paribarhan maha-dhanan
dampatyoh paryadat pritya
bhusa-vasah paricchadan
SYNONYMS
satarupa--Empress Satarupa; maha-rajni--the Empress; paribarhan--dowry; maha-dhanan--valuable presents; dam-patyoh--to the bride and bridegroom; paryadat--gave; pritya--out of affection; bhusa--ornaments; vasah--clothes; paricchadan--articles for household use.
TRANSLATION
Empress Satarupa lovingly gave most valuable presents, suitable for the occasion, such as jewelry, clothes and household articles, in dowry to the bride and bridegroom.
PURPORT
The custom of giving one's daughter in charity with a dowry is still current in India. The gifts are given according to the position of the father of the bride. Paribarhan maha-dhanan means the dowry which must be awarded to the bridegroom at the time of marriage. Here maha-dhanan means greatly valuable gifts befitting the dowry of an empress. The words bhusa-vasah paricchadan also appear here. Bhusa means "ornaments," vasah means "clothing," and paricchadan means "various household articles." All things befitting the marriage ceremony of an emperor's daughter were awarded to Kardama Muni, who was until now observing celibacy as a brahmacari. The bride, Devahuti, was very richly dressed with ornaments and clothing.
In this way Kardama Muni was married with full opulence to a qualified wife and was endowed with the necessary paraphernalia for household life. In the Vedic way of marriage such a dowry is still given to the bridegroom by the father of the bride; even in poverty-stricken India there are marriages where hundreds and thousands of rupees are spent for a dowry. The dowry system is not illegal, as some have tried to prove. The dowry is a gift given to the daughter by the father to show good will, and it is compulsory. In rare cases where the father is completely unable to give a dowry, it is enjoined that he must at least give a fruit and a flower. As stated in Bhagavad-gita, God can also be pleased even by a fruit and a flower. When there is financial inability and no question of accumulating a dowry by another means, one can give a fruit and flower for the satisfaction of the bridegroom.
TEXT 24
TEXT
prattam duhitaram samrat
sadrksaya gata-vyathah
upaguhya ca bahubhyam
autkanthyonmathitasayah
SYNONYMS
prattam--who was given; duhitaram--daughter; samrat--the Emperor (Manu); sadrksaya--unto a suitable person; gata-vyathah--relieved of his responsibility; upaguhya--embracing; ca--and; bahubhyam--with his two arms; autkanthya-unmathita-asayah--having an anxious and agitated mind.
TRANSLATION
Thus relieved of his responsibility by handing over his daughter to a suitable man, Svayambhuva Manu, his mind agitated by feelings of separation, embraced his affectionate daughter with both his arms.
PURPORT
A father always remains in anxiety until he can hand over his grown-up daughter to a suitable boy. A father and mother's responsibility for children continues until they marry them to suitable spouses; when the father is able to perform that duty, he is relieved of his responsibility.
TEXT 25
TEXT
asaknuvams tad-viraham
muncan baspa-kalam muhuh
asincad amba vatseti
netrodair duhituh sikhah
SYNONYMS
asaknuvan--being unable to bear; tat-viraham--separation from her; muncan--shedding; baspa-kalam--tears; muhuh--again and again; asincat--he drenched; amba--my dear mother; vatsa--my dear daughter; iti--thus; netra-udaih--by the water from his eyes; duhituh--of his daughter; sikhah--the locks of hair.
TRANSLATION
The Emperor was unable to bear the separation of his daughter. Therefore tears poured from his eyes again and again, drenching his daughter's head as he cried, "My dear mother! My dear daughter!"
PURPORT
The word amba is significant. A father sometimes addresses his daughter in affection as "mother" and sometimes as "my darling." The feeling of separation occurs because until the daughter is married she remains the daughter of the father, but after her marriage she is no longer claimed as a daughter in the family; she must go to the husband's house, for after marriage she becomes the property of the husband. According to Manu-samhita, a woman is never independent. She must remain the property of the father while she is not married, and she must remain the property of the husband until she is elderly and has grown-up children of her own. In old age, when the husband has taken sannyasa and left home, she remains the property of the sons. A woman is always dependent, either upon the father, husband or elderly sons. That will be exhibited in the life of Devahuti. Devahuti's father handed over responsibility for her to the husband, Kardama Muni, and in the same way, Kardama Muni also left home, giving the responsibility to his son, Kapiladeva. This narration will describe these events one after another.
TEXTS 26-27
TEXT
amantrya tam muni-varam
anujnatah sahanugah
pratasthe ratham aruhya
sabharyah sva-puram nrpah
ubhayor rsi-kulyayah
sarasvatyah surodhasoh
rsinam upasantanam
pasyann asrama-sampadah
SYNONYMS
amantrya--taking permission to go; tam--from him (Kardama); muni-varam--from the best of sages; anujnatah--being permitted to leave; saha-anugah--along with his retinue; pratasthe--started for; ratham aruhya--mounting his chariot; sa-bharyah--along with his wife; sva-puram--his own capital; nrpah--the Emperor; ubhayoh--on both; rsi-kulyayah--agreeable to the sages; sarasvatyah--of the River Sarasvati; su-rodhasoh--the charming banks; rsinam--of the great sages; upasantanam--tranquil; pasyan--seeing; asrama-sampadah--the prosperity of the beautiful hermitages.
TRANSLATION
After asking and obtaining the great sage's permission to leave, the monarch mounted his chariot with his wife and started for his capital, followed by his retinue. Along the way he saw the prosperity of the tranquil seers' beautiful hermitages on both the charming banks of the Sarasvati, the river so agreeable to saintly persons.
PURPORT
As cities are constructed in the modern age with great engineering and architectural craftsmanship, so in days gone by there were neighborhoods called rsi-kulas, where great saintly persons resided. In India there are still many magnificent places for spiritual understanding; there are many rsis and saintly persons living in nice cottages on the banks of the Ganges and Yamuna for purposes of spiritual cultivation. While passing through the rsi-kulas the King and his party were very much satisfied with the beauty of the cottages and hermitages. It is stated here, pasyann asrama-sampadah. The great sages had no skyscrapers, but the hermitages were so beautiful that the King was very much pleased at the sight.
TEXT 28
TEXT
tam ayantam abhipretya
brahmavartat prajah patim
gita-samstuti-vaditraih
pratyudiyuh praharsitah
SYNONYMS
tam--him; ayantam--who was arriving; abhipretya--knowing of; brahmavartat--from Brahmavarta; prajah--his subjects; patim--their lord; gita-samstuti-vaditraih--with songs, praise and instrumental music; pratyudiyuh--came forward to greet; praharsitah--overjoyed.
TRANSLATION
Overjoyed to know of his arrival, his subjects came forth from Brahmavarta to greet their returning lord with songs, prayers and musical instruments.
PURPORT
It is the custom of the citizens of a kingdom's capital to receive the king when he returns from a tour. There is a similar description when Krsna returned to Dvaraka after the Battle of Kuruksetra. At that time He was received by all classes of citizens at the gate of the city. Formerly, capital cities were surrounded by walls, and there were different gates for regular entrance. Even in Delhi today there are old gates, and some other old cities have such gates where citizens would gather to receive the king. Here also the citizens of Barhismati, the capital of Brahmavarta, the kingdom of Svayambhuva, came nicely dressed to receive the Emperor with decorations and musical instruments.
TEXTS 29-30
TEXT
barhismati nama puri
sarva-sampat-samanvita
nyapatan yatra romani
yajnasyangam vidhunvatah
kusah kasas ta evasan
sasvad-dharita-varcasah
rsayo yaih parabhavya
yajna-ghnan yajnam ijire
SYNONYMS
barhismati--Barhismati; nama--named; puri--city; sarva-sampat--all kinds of wealth; samanvita--full of; nyapatan--fell down; yatra--where; romani--the hairs; yajnasya--of Lord Boar; angam--His body; vidhunvatah--shaking; kusah--kusa grass; kasah--kasa grass; te--they; eva--certainly; asan--became; sasvat-harita--of evergreen; varcasah--having the color; rsayah--the sages; yaih--by which; parabhavya--defeating; yajna-ghnan--the disturbers of the sacrificial performances; yajnam--Lord Visnu; ijire--they worshiped.
TRANSLATION
The city of Barhismati, rich in all kinds of wealth, was so called because Lord Visnu's hair dropped there from His body when He manifested Himself as Lord Boar. As He shook His body, this very hair fell and turned into blades of evergreen kusa grass and kasa [another kind of grass used for mats], by means of which the sages worshiped Lord Visnu after defeating the demons who had interfered with the performance of their sacrifices.
PURPORT
Any place directly connected with the Supreme Lord is called pitha-sthana. Barhismati, the capital of Svayambhuva Manu, was exalted not because the city was very rich in wealth and opulence, but because the hairs of Lord Varaha fell at this very spot. These hairs of the Lord later grew as green grass, and the sages used to worship the Lord with that grass after the time when the Lord killed the demon Hiranyaksa. Yajna means Visnu, the Supreme Personality of Godhead. In Bhagavad-gita, karma is described as yajnartha. Yajnartha-karma means "work done only for the satisfaction of Visnu." If something is done for sense gratification or any other purpose, it will be binding upon the worker. If one wants to be freed from the reaction of his work, he must perform everything for the satisfaction of Visnu, or Yajna. In the capital of Svayambhuva Manu, Barhismati, these particular functions were being performed by the great sages and saintly persons.
TEXT 31
TEXT
kusa-kasamayam barhir
astirya bhagavan manuh
ayajad yajna-purusam
labdha sthanam yato bhuvam
SYNONYMS
kusa--of kusa grass; kasa--and of kasa grass; mayam--made; barhih--a seat; astirya--having spread; bhagavan--the greatly fortunate; manuh--Svayambhuva Manu; ayajat--worshiped; yajna-purusam--Lord Visnu; labdha--had achieved; sthanam--the abode; yatah--from whom; bhuvam--the earth.
TRANSLATION
Manu spread a seat of kusas and kasas and worshiped the Lord, the Personality of Godhead, by whose grace he had obtained the rule of the terrestrial globe.
PURPORT
Manu is the father of mankind, and therefore from Manu comes the word man, or, in Sanskrit, manusya. Those who are in a better position in the world, having sufficient wealth, should especially take lessons from Manu, who acknowledged his kingdom and opulence to be gifts from the Supreme Personality of Godhead and thus always engaged in devotional service. Similarly, the descendants of Manu, or human beings, especially those who are situated in a well-to-do condition, must consider that whatever riches they have are gifts from the Supreme Personality of Godhead. Those riches should be utilized for the service of the Lord in sacrifices performed to please Him. That is the way of utilizing wealth and opulence. No one can achieve wealth, opulence, good birth, a beautiful body or nice education without the mercy of the Supreme Lord. Therefore, those who are in possession of such valuable facilities must acknowledge their gratefulness to the Lord by worshiping Him and offering what they have received from Him. When such acknowledgment is given, either by a family, nation or society, their abode becomes almost like Vaikuntha, and it becomes free from the operation of the threefold miseries of this material world. In the modern age the mission of Krsna consciousness is for everyone to acknowledge the supremacy of Lord Krsna; whatever one has in his possession must be considered a gift by the grace of the Lord. Everyone, therefore, should engage in devotional service through Krsna consciousness. If one wants to be happy and peaceful in his position, either as a householder or citizen or member of human society, one must promote devotional service for the pleasure of the Lord.
TEXT 32
TEXT
barhismatim nama vibhur
yam nirvisya samavasat
tasyam pravisto bhavanam
tapa-traya-vinasanam
SYNONYMS
barhismatim--the city Barhismati; nama--named; vibhuh--the very powerful Svayambhuva Manu; yam--which; nirvisya--having entered; samavasat--he lived in previously; tasyam--in that city; pravistah--entered; bhavanam--the palace; tapa-traya--the threefold miseries; vinasanam--destroying.
TRANSLATION
Having entered the city of Barhismati, in which he had previously lived, Manu entered his palace, which was filled with an atmosphere that eradicated the three miseries of material existence.
PURPORT
The material world, or material existential life, is filled with threefold miseries: miseries pertaining to the body and mind, miseries pertaining to natural disturbances and miseries inflicted by other living entities. Human society is meant to create a spiritual atmosphere by spreading the spirit of Krsna consciousness. The miseries of material existence cannot affect the status of Krsna consciousness. It is not that the miseries of the material world completely vanish when one takes to Krsna consciousness, but for one who is Krsna conscious the miseries of material existence have no effect. We cannot stop the miseries of the material atmosphere, but Krsna consciousness is the antiseptic method to protect us from being affected by the miseries of material existence. For a Krsna conscious person, both living in heaven and living in hell are equal. How Svayambhuva Manu created an atmosphere wherein he was not affected by material miseries is explained in the following verses.
TEXT 33
TEXT
sabharyah saprajah kaman
bubhuje 'nyavirodhatah
sangiyamana-sat-kirtih
sastribhih sura-gayakaih
praty-usesv anubaddhena
hrda srnvan hareh kathah
SYNONYMS
sa-bharyah--along with his wife; sa-prajah--along with his subjects; kaman--the necessities of life; bubhuje--he enjoyed; anya--from others; avirodhatah--without disturbance; sangiyamana--being praised; sat-kirtih--reputation for pious activities; sa-stribhih--along with their wives; sura-gayakaih--by celestial musicians; prati-usesu--at every dawn; anubaddhena--being attached; hrda--with the heart; srnvan--listening to; hareh--of Lord Hari; kathah--the topics.
TRANSLATION
Emperor Svayambhuva Manu enjoyed life with his wife and subjects and fulfilled his desires without being disturbed by unwanted principles contrary to the process of religion. Celestial musicians and their wives sang in chorus about the pure reputation of the Emperor, and early in the morning, every day, he used to listen to the pastimes of the Supreme Personality of Godhead with a loving heart.
PURPORT
Human society is actually meant for realization of perfection in Krsna consciousness. There is no restriction against living with a wife and children, but life should be so conducted that one may not go against the principles of religion, economic development, regulated sense enjoyment and, ultimately, liberation from material existence. The Vedic principles are designed in such a way that the conditioned souls who have come to this material existence may be guided in fulfilling their material desires and at the same time be liberated and go back to Godhead, back home.
It is understood that Emperor Svayambhuva Manu enjoyed his household life by following these principles. It is stated here that early in the morning there were musicians who used to sing with musical instruments about the glories of the Lord, and the Emperor, with his family, personally used to hear about the pastimes of the Supreme Person. This custom is still prevalent in India in some of the royal families and temples. Professional musicians sing with sahnais, and the sleeping members of the house gradually get up from their beds in a pleasing atmosphere. During bedtime also the singers sing songs in relationship with the pastimes of the Lord, with sahnai accompaniment, and the householders gradually fall asleep remembering the glories of the Lord. In every house, in addition to the singing program, there is an arrangement for Bhagavatam lectures in the evening; family members sit down, hold Hare Krsna kirtana, hear narrations from Srimad-Bhagavatam and Bhagavad-gita and enjoy music before going to bed. The atmosphere created by this sankirtana movement lives in their hearts, and while sleeping they also dream of the singing and glorification of the Lord. In such a way, perfection of Krsna consciousness can be attained. This practice is very old, as learned from this verse of Srimad-Bhagavatam; millions of years ago, Svayambhuva Manu used to avail himself of this opportunity to live householder life in the peace and prosperity of a Krsna consciousness atmosphere.
As far as temples are concerned, in each and every royal palace or rich man's house, inevitably there is a nice temple, and the members of the household rise early in the morning and go to the temple to see the mangalaratrika ceremony. The mangalaratrika ceremony is the first worship of the morning. In the aratrika ceremony a light is offered in circles before the Deities, as are a conchshell and flowers and a fan. The Lord is supposed to rise early in the morning and take some light refreshment and give audience to the devotees. The devotees then go back to the house or sing the glories of the Lord in the temple. The early morning ceremony still takes place in Indian temples and palaces. Temples are meant for the assembly of the general public. Temples within palaces are especially for the royal families, but in many of these palace temples the public is also allowed to visit. The temple of the King of Jaipur is situated within the palace, but the public is allowed to assemble; if one goes there, he will see that the temple is always crowded with at least five hundred devotees. After the mangalaratrika ceremony they sit down together and sing the glories of the Lord with musical instruments and thus enjoy life. Temple worship by the royal family is also mentioned in Bhagavad-gita, where it is stated that those who fail to achieve success in the bhakti-yoga principles within one life are given a chance to take birth in the next life in a family of rich men or in a royal family or family of learned brahmanas or devotees. If one gets the opportunity to take birth in these families, he can achieve the facilities of a Krsna conscious atmosphere without difficulty. A child born in that Krsna atmosphere is sure to develop Krsna consciousness. The perfection which he failed to attain in his last life is again offered in this life, and he can make himself perfect without fail.
TEXT 34
TEXT
nisnatam yogamayasu
munim svayambhuvam manum
yad abhramsayitum bhoga
na sekur bhagavat-param
SYNONYMS
nisnatam--absorbed; yoga-mayasu--in temporary enjoyment; munim--who was equal to a saint; svayambhuvam--Svayambhuva; manum--Manu; yat--from which; abhramsayitum--to cause to deviate; bhogah--material enjoyments; na--not; sekuh--were able; bhagavat-param--who was a great devotee of the Supreme Personality of Godhead.
TRANSLATION
Thus Svayambhuva Manu was a saintly king. Although absorbed in material happiness, he was not dragged to the lowest grade of life, for he always enjoyed his material happiness in a Krsna conscious atmosphere.
PURPORT
The kingly happiness of material enjoyment generally drags one to the lowest grade of life, namely degradation to animal life, because of unrestricted sense enjoyment. But Svayambhuva Manu was considered as good as a saintly sage because the atmosphere created in his kingdom and home was completely Krsna conscious. The case is similar with the conditioned souls in general; they have come into this material life for sense gratification, but if they are able to create a Krsna conscious atmosphere, as depicted here or as prescribed in revealed scriptures, by temple worship and household Deity worship, then in spite of their material enjoyment they can make advancement in pure Krsna consciousness without a doubt. At the present moment, modern civilization is too much attached to the material way of life, or sense gratification. Therefore, the Krsna consciousness movement can give the people in general the best opportunity to utilize their human life in the midst of material enjoyment. Krsna consciousness does not stop them in their propensity for material enjoyment, but simply regulates their habits in the life of sense enjoyment. In spite of their enjoying the material advantages, they can be liberated in this very life by practicing Krsna consciousness by the simple method of chanting the holy names of the Lord--Hare Krsna, Hare Krsna, Krsna Krsna, Hare Hare. Hare Rama, Hare Rama, Rama Rama, Hare Hare.
TEXT 35
TEXT
ayata-yamas tasyasan
yamah svantara-yapanah
srnvato dhyayato visnoh
kurvato bruvatah kathah
SYNONYMS
ayata-yamah--time never lost; tasya--of Manu; asan--were; yamah--the hours; sva-antara--his duration of life; yapanah--bringing to an end; srnvatah--hearing; dhyayatah--contemplating; visnoh--of Lord Visnu; kurvatah--acting; bruvatah--speaking; kathah--the topics.
TRANSLATION
Consequently, although his duration of life gradually came to an end, his long life, consisting of a Manvantara era, was not spent in vain, since he ever engaged in hearing, contemplating, writing down and chanting the pastimes of the Lord.
PURPORT
As freshly prepared food is very tasteful but if kept for three or four hours becomes stale and tasteless, so the existence of material enjoyment can endure as long as life is fresh, but at the fag end of life everything becomes tasteless, and everything appears to be vain and painful. The life of Emperor Svayambhuva Manu, however, was not tasteless; as he grew older, his life remained as fresh as in the beginning because of his continued Krsna consciousness. The life of a man in Krsna consciousness is always fresh. It is said that the sun rises in the morning and sets in the evening and its business is to reduce the duration of everyone's life. But the sunrise and sunset cannot diminish the life of one who engages in Krsna consciousness. Svayambhuva Manu's life did not become stale after some time, for he engaged himself always in chanting about and meditating upon Lord Visnu. He was the greatest yogi because he never wasted his time. It is especially mentioned here, visnoh kurvato bruvatah kathah. When he talked, he talked only of Krsna and Visnu, the Personality of Godhead; when he heard something, it was about Krsna; when he meditated, it was upon Krsna and His activities.
It is stated that his life was very long, seventy-one yugas. One yuga is completed in 4,320,000 years, seventy-one of such yugas is the duration of the life of a Manu, and fourteen such Manus come and go in one years--Manu engaged in Krsna consciousness by chanting, hearing, talking about and meditating upon Krsna. Therefore, his life was not wasted, nor did it become stale.
TEXT 36
TEXT
sa evam svantaram ninye
yuganam eka-saptatim
vasudeva-prasangena
paribhuta-gati-trayah
SYNONYMS
sah--he (Svayambhuva Manu); evam--thus; sva-antaram--his own period; ninye--passed; yuganam--of the cycles of four ages; eka-saptatim--seventy-one; vasudeva--with Vasudeva; prasangena--by topics connected; paribhuta--transcended; gati-trayah--the three destinations.
TRANSLATION
He passed his time, which lasted seventy-one cycles of the four ages [71 x 4,320,000 years], always thinking of Vasudeva and always engaged in matters regarding Vasudeva. Thus he transcended the three destinations.
PURPORT
The three destinations are meant for persons who are under the control of the three modes of material nature. These destinations are sometimes described as the awakened, dreaming and unconscious stages. In Bhagavad-gita the three destinations are described as the destinations of persons in the modes of goodness, passion and ignorance. It is stated in the Gita that those who are in the mode of goodness are promoted to better living conditions in higher planets, and those who are in the mode of passion remain within this material world on the earth or on heavenly planets, but those who are in the mode of ignorance are degraded to an animal life on planets where life is lower than human. But one who is Krsna conscious is above these three modes of material nature. It is stated in Bhagavad-gita that anyone who engages in devotional service to the Lord automatically becomes transcendental to the three destinations of material nature and is situated in the brahma-bhuta, or self-realized, stage. Although Svayambhuva Manu, the ruler of this material world, appeared to be absorbed in material happiness, he was neither in the mode of goodness nor in the modes of passion or ignorance, but in the transcendental stage.
Therefore, one who fully engages in devotional service is always liberated. Bilvamangala Thakura, a great devotee of the Lord, stated: "If I have unflinching devotion to the lotus feet of Krsna, then Mother Liberation is always engaged in my service. The complete perfection of material enjoyment, religion and economic development is at my command." People are after dharma, artha, kama and moksa. Generally they perform religious activities to achieve some material gain, and they engage in material activity for sense gratification. After being frustrated in material sense gratification, one wants to be liberated and become one with the Absolute Truth. These four principles form the transcendental path for the less intelligent. Those who are actually intelligent engage in Krsna consciousness, not caring for these four principles of the transcendental method. They at once elevate themselves to the transcendental platform which is above liberation. Liberation is not a very great achievement for a devotee, to say nothing of the results of ritualistic performances in religion, economic development or the materialistic life of sense gratification. Devotees do not care for these. They are situated always on the transcendental platform of the brahma-bhuta stage of self-realization.
TEXT 37
TEXT
sarira manasa divya
vaiyase ye ca manusah
bhautikas ca katham klesa
badhante hari-samsrayam
SYNONYMS
sarirah--pertaining to the body; manasah--pertaining to the mind; divyah--pertaining to supernatural powers (demigods); vaiyase--O Vidura; ye--those; ca--and; manusah--pertaining to other men; bhautikah--pertaining to other living beings; ca--and; katham--how; klesah--miseries; badhante--can trouble; hari-samsrayam--one who has taken shelter of Lord Krsna.
TRANSLATION
Therefore, O Vidura, how can persons completely under the shelter of Lord Krsna in devotional service be put into miseries pertaining to the body, the mind, nature, and other men and living creatures?
PURPORT
Every living entity within this material world is always afflicted by some kind of miseries, pertaining either to the body, the mind or natural disturbances. Distresses due to cold in winter and severe heat in summer always inflict miseries on the living entities in this material world, but one who has completely taken shelter of the lotus feet of the Lord in Krsna consciousness is in the transcendental stage; he is not disturbed by any miseries, either due to the body, the mind, or natural disturbances of summer and winter. He is transcendental to all these miseries.
TEXT 38
TEXT
yah prsto munibhih praha
dharman nana-vidhan chubhan
nrnam varnasramanam ca
sarva-bhuta-hitah sada
SYNONYMS
yah--who; prstah--being questioned; munibhih--by the sages; praha--spoke; dharman--the duties; nana-vidhan--many varieties; subhan--auspicious; nrnam--of human society; varna-asramanam--of the varnas and asramas; ca--and; sarva-bhuta--for all living beings; hitah--who does welfare; sada--always.
TRANSLATION
In reply to questions asked by certain sages, he [Svayambhuva Manu], out of compassion for all living entities, taught the diverse sacred duties of men in general and the different varnas and asramas.
TEXT 39
TEXT
etat ta adi-rajasya
manos caritam adbhutam
varnitam varnaniyasya
tad-apatyodayam srnu
SYNONYMS
etat--this; te--unto you; adi-rajasya--of the first emperor; manoh--of Svayambhuva Manu; caritam--the character; adbhutam--wonderful; varnitam--described; varnaniyasya--whose reputation is worthy of description; tat-apatya--of his daughter; udayam--to the flourishing; srnu--please listen.
TRANSLATION
I have spoken to you of the wonderful character of Svayambhuva Manu, the original king, whose reputation is worthy of description. Please hear as I speak of the flourishing of his daughter Devahuti.
Thus end the Bhaktivedanta purports of the Third Canto, Twenty-second Chapter, of the Srimad-Bhagavatam, entitled "The Marriage of Kardama Muni and Devahuti."